Lemuriforms groom orally, and also possess a grooming claw on the second toe of each foot for scratching in areas that are inaccessible to the mouth and tongue. CT in differential diagnosis of diffuse pleural disease. Instead, their lower incisors varied in orientation – from somewhat procumbent to somewhat vertical – and the lower canines were projected upwards and were often prominent. [113] From the accessory olfactory bulb, information is sent to the amygdala, which handles emotions, and then to the hypothalamus, which handles basic body functions and metabolic processes. Strepsirrhine primates produce their own vitamin C, whereas haplorhine primates must obtain it from their diets. [46][47][48] Djebelemur from Tunisia dates to the late early or early middle Eocene (52 to 46 mya) and has been considered a cercamoniine,[49] but also may have been a stem lemuriform. [149][150] Both lemurs and slow lorises are protected from commercial international trade under CITES Appendix I. [68][69] In 1975, Gingerich proposed a new suborder, Simiolemuriformes,[70] to suggest that strepsirrhines are more closely related to simians than tarsiers. The toothcomb consists of either two or four procumbent lower incisors and procumbent lower canine teeth followed by a canine-shaped premolar. [144], Among the adapiforms, frugivory seems to have been the most common diet, particularly for medium-sized to large species, such as Cantius, Pelycodus and Cercamonius. Falaschi F, Romei C, Fiorini S, Lucchi M. Imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma: it is possible a screening or early diagnosis program?-a systematic review about the use of screening programs in a population of asbestos exposed workers. [17][97] Lemurs are endemic to Madagascar, although much of their diversity and habitat has been lost due to recent human activity. [22] Azibiids from Algeria date to roughly the same time and may be a sister group of the djebelemurids. A distinctive feature of COVID-19 is its extreme heterogeneity—illness ranges from minimally symptomatic to life threatening. [75] A less common taxonomy places the aye-aye (Daubentoniidae) in its own infraorder, Chiromyiformes. (2008) ISBN:0781772079. [76] In some cases, plesiadapiforms are included within the order Primates, in which case Euprimates is sometimes treated as a suborder, with Strepsirrhini becoming an infraorder, and the Lemuriformes and others become parvorders. [27] The threats facing strepsirrhine primates fall into three main categories: habitat destruction, hunting (for bushmeat or traditional medicine), and live capture for export or local exotic pet trade. [16] Lorises are found both in equatorial Africa and Southeast Asia, while the galagos are limited to the forests and woodlands of sub-Saharan Africa. [142] The European adapids Adapis, Palaeolemur, and Leptadapis shared adaptations for slow climbing like the lorises, although they may have been quadrupedal runners like small New World monkeys. In some countries, bananas used for cooking may be called "plantains", distinguishing them from dessert bananas . Environ. [116], Extant strepsirrhines have an epitheliochorial placenta,[50] where the maternal blood does not come in direct contact with the fetal chorion like it does in the hemochorial placenta of haplorhines. Although hunting is often prohibited, the laws protecting them are rarely enforced. There is a strong association with exposure to asbestos fibers (~10% risk during lifetime; 40-80% of patients have a history of asbestos exposure) 1 with risk associated with duration and breadth of exposure 20. [91][142] Notharctids Cantius and Pronycticebus appear to have been agile arboreal quadrupeds, with adaptations comparable to the brown lemurs. They are included in Strepsirrhini,[6] and are considered basal members of the clade. [53], English comparative anatomist William Henry Flower created the suborder Lemuroidea in 1883 to distinguish these primates from the simians, which were grouped under English biologist St. George Jackson Mivart's suborder Anthropoidea (=Simiiformes). [85], Like all primates, strepsirrhine orbits (eye sockets) have a postorbital bar, a protective ring of bone created by a connection between the frontal and zygomatic bones. Health Perspect. Strepsirrhini", "Chapter 4: Impact of ecology on the teeth of extant lemurs: A review of dental adaptations, function, and life history", "Chapter 1: Origin of the Malagasy Strepsirhine primates", "Chapter 3: The earliest fossil primates and the evolution of prosimians: Introduction", "Chapter 4: Adapiformes: Phylogeny and adaptation", "Deep time and the search for anthropoid origins", "Exploring cultural drivers for wildlife trade via an ethnoprimatological approach: A case study of slender and slow lorises (, "Comparative morphology of the tapetum lucidum (among selected species)", "Chapter 11: Social pair-bonding and resource defense in wild red-bellied lemurs (, "Chapter 13: Sexual selection, measures of sexual selection, and sexual dimorphism in primates", "On the external characters of the lemurs and of, "Evolutionary history of lorisiform primates", "Evidence for a convergent slowdown in primate molecular rates and its implications for the timing of early primate evolution", "Anthropoid versus strepsirhine status of the African Eocene primates, "Chapter 14: Strepsirrhine reproductive ecology", "Chapter 3: How close are the similarities between, "Chapter 1: The fossil record of tarsier evolution", "Chapter 7: The phylogenetic position of the genus, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strepsirrhini&oldid=1005182393, Taxa named by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. 16. Arguments for an evolutionary link between adapiforms and simians made by paleontologists Gingerich, Elwyn L. Simons, Tab Rasmussen, and others could have potentially excluded adapiforms from Strepsirrhini. [69] The idea reemerged briefly in 2009 during the media attention surrounding Darwinius masillae (dubbed "Ida"), a cercamoniine from Germany that was touted as a "missing link between humans and earlier primates" (simians and adapiforms). [144] Folivory was also common among the medium and large-sized adapiforms, including Smilodectes, Notharctus, Adapis and Leptadapis. [134], Among extant strepsirrhines, only the diurnal and cathemeral lemurs have evolved to live in multi-male/multi-female groups, comparable to most living simians. [50] Prosimii is one of the two traditional primate suborders and is based on evolutionary grades (groups united by anatomical traits) rather than phylogenetic clades, while the Strepsirrhini-Haplorrhini taxonomy was based on evolutionary relationships. Positron emission tomography is becoming useful in two clinical settings 4: In addition, there appears to be a correlation between the degree of FDG uptake and the biological aggressiveness of the tumor, which may help to guide treatment 4. This neural pathway differs from that used by the main olfactory system. 2. [95] Among the adapiforms, most are considered diurnal, with the exception of Pronycticebus and Godinotia from Middle Eocene Europe, both of which had large orbits that suggest nocturnality. [140] Nocturnal species are more constrained by the lack of light, so their communication systems differ from those of diurnal species, often using long-range calls to claim their territory. Lemuriens. The following features may be evident: CT is most commonly used for imaging assessment of mesothelioma, and sufficient for accurate staging of disease in most patients. Chest radiographs are non-specific and of limited utility 6. The last branch to develop were the adapiforms, a diverse and widespread group that thrived during the Eocene (56 to 34 million years ago [mya]) in Europe, North America, and Asia. The lemurs of Madagascar, living in the absence of simians, are more variable in their activity cycles. Bridda A, Padoan I, Mencarelli R et-al. [19] These earliest fossil primates are often divided into two groups, adapiforms[d] and omomyiforms. [34][49] Originally, adapiforms were all included under the family Adapidae, which was divided into two or three subfamilies: Adapinae, Notharctinae, and sometimes Sivaladapinae. Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is an aggressive malignant tumor of the mesothelium. [32] The most basal of the adapiforms include the genera Cantius from North America and Europe and Donrussellia from Europe. Often, adapiforms are placed in their own infraorder due to anatomical differences with lemuriforms and their unclear relationship. An uncommon variant is the solitary mediastinal malignant mesothelioma which has appearances reminiscent of a solitary fibrous tumor of the pleura 1. {"url":"/signup-modal-props.json?lang=us\u0026email="}, {"containerId":"expandableQuestionsContainer","displayRelatedArticles":true,"displayNextQuestion":true,"displaySkipQuestion":true,"articleId":8712,"mcqUrl":"https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mesothelioma/questions/881?lang=us"}, Case 16: subtle nodular thickening of fissures, staging of malignant pleural mesothelioma, solitary mediastinal malignant mesothelioma, erionite-fiber exposure: naturally occurring mineral used in building, particularly in Turkey, mesothelin (elevated in 84% of malignant mesothelioma versus <2% with other pleural diseases, pleural opacity which may extend around and encase the lung, reduced volume of the affected hemithorax, resulting in ipsilateral shift of the mediastinum (common), rib destruction or extension beyond the lateral and anterior margins of the chest wall, +/- pleural effusion; most commonly is unilateral and exudative or hemorrhagic in nature, with frozen hemithorax (not causing mediastinal shift), pleural mass or nodular thickening of soft tissue attenuation, tends to cause "inward" contraction of the hemithorax, e.g. Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini (/ ˌ s t r ɛ p s ə ˈ r aɪ n i / (); STREP-sə-RY-nee) is a suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Madagascar, galagos ("bushbabies") and pottos from Africa, and the lorises from India and southeast Asia. These habitats allow strepsirrhines and other primates to evolve diverse communities of sympatric species. Zielinski M, Hauer J, Hauer L et-al. Ice Nigger: Canadians: It's cold in Canada. Confused taxonomic terminology and oversimplified anatomical comparisons have created misconceptions about primate and strepsirrhine phylogeny, illustrated by the media attention surrounding the single "Ida" fossil in 2009. [43] The fossil record suggests that the strepsirrhine adapiforms and the haplorhine omomyiforms had been evolving independently before the early Eocene, although their most basal members share enough dental similarities to suggest that they diverged during the Paleocene (66–55 mya). [80] Although their status as true primates is not questioned, the questionable relationship between adapiforms and other living and fossil primates leads to multiple classifications within Strepsirrhini. Between 47 and 54 mya, lemurs dispersed to Madagascar by rafting. Lemuroidea was later replaced by Illiger's suborder Prosimii. [147], In 2012, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) announced that lemurs were the "most endangered mammals", due largely to elevated illegal logging and hunting following a political crisis in 2009. [37], Within Strepsirrhini, two common classifications include either two infraorders (Adapiformes and Lemuriformes)[74] or three infraorders (Adapiformes, Lemuriformes, Lorisiformes). [16][50] Compared to simians, however, they have a relatively small brain-to-body size ratio. There has been no convincing evidence for an association with smoking 6. Heterogeneity results from a poorly understood combination of patient factors, viral dynamics, antiviral and immune modulating therapies, and dynamics of the innate and adaptive immune responses. family of exposed workers) 14. [83] It is used to comb the fur during oral grooming. 2.6 Classifying a Mixture or Solution Recent advances in immunosuppressive therapy have reduced the incidence of acute rejection and improved renal transplantation outcomes. [36]They were among the most common mammals found in the fossil beds from that time. [84] Lemuriforms also possess a grooming claw on the second digit of each foot for scratching. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: an update on investigation, diagnosis and treatment. [47] Unlike the lemurs in Madagascar, they have had to compete with monkeys and apes, as well as other mammals.[17]. Many of today's living strepsirrhines are endangered due to habitat destruction, hunting for bushmeat, and live capture for the exotic pet trade. Lemurs rafted from Africa to Madagascar between 47 and 54 mya, whereas the lorises split from the African galagos around 40 mya and later colonized Asia. 14. [145] Several species of lemur are found in drier, seasonal forests, including the spiny forest on the southern tip of the island, although the lemur communities in these regions are not as rich. 2009;251 (3): 944-6. Qi F, Carbone M, Yang H et-al. From the archives of the AFIP. It might seem impossible to you that all custom-written essays, research papers, speeches, book reviews, and other custom task completed by our writers are both of high quality and cheap. 142 (5): 1267-1273. Their gestation period and interbirth intervals are usually long, and the young develop slowly, just like in haplorhine primates. †AdapiformesLemuriformes[a] (See text) [45], Molecular clock estimates indicate that lemurs and the lorisoids diverged in Africa during the Paleocene, approximately 62 mya. [72] Because the skeletons of adapiforms share strong similarities with those of lemurs and lorises, researchers have often referred to them as "primitive" strepsirrhines,[79] lemur ancestors, or a sister group to the living strepsirrhines. Seconde famille. The aye-aye, mouse lemurs, woolly lemurs, and sportive lemurs are nocturnal, while ring-tailed lemurs and most of their kin, sifakas, and indri are diurnal. [17][18], The divergence between strepsirrhines, simians, and tarsiers likely followed almost immediately after primates first evolved. Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is an aggressive malignant tumor of the mesothelium. [25], The early primates include both nocturnal and diurnal small-bodied species,[26] and all were arboreal, with hands and feet specially adapted for maneuvering on small branches. Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. [131], The nocturnal strepsirrhines have been traditionally described as "solitary", although this term is no longer favored by the researchers who study them. Not all types of asbestos are strongly implicated, with crocidolite being the main causative fiber type. [110] Fluids traveling from the rhinarium to the mouth and then up the nasopalatine ducts to the VNO are detected, and information is relayed to the accessory olfactory bulb, which is relatively large in strepsirrhines. It provides a blog engine and a framework for Web application development. [32], The first fossil primate described was the adapiform Adapis parisiensis by French naturalist Georges Cuvier in 1821,[49] who compared it to a hyrax ("le Daman"), then considered a member of a now obsolete group called pachyderms. Auxiliary data. Both living and extinct groups primarily fed on fruit, leaves, and insects. SOR/2008-34. At the time, only three species were recognized, one of which (the colugo) is no longer recognized as a primate. Finn RS, Brims FJH, Gandhi A, Olsen N, Musk AW, Maskell NA, Lee YCG. [106], Despite their relatively smaller brains compared to other primates, lemurs have demonstrated levels of technical intelligence in problem solving that are comparable to those seen in simians. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. [34][35] They diversified across Laurasia during the Eocene,[32] some reaching North America via a land bridge. [37] The three major adapiform divisions are now typically regarded as three families within Adapiformes (Notharctidae, Adapidae and Sivaladapidae), but other divisions ranging from one to five families are used as well.[34]. [91] In lorisoids, however, the tympanic cavity is smaller and the ectotympanic ring becomes attached to the edge of the auditory bulla. Collectively they are referred to as strepsirrhines. Instead, it has sensitive touch receptors (Merkel cells). Abstract. The usual progression of infection begins with BK viruria and progresses to BK viremia, leading to BK virus associated nephropathy. Both lorisoids and cheirogaleid lemurs have replaced the internal carotid artery with an enlarged ascending pharyngeal artery. (2018) Journal of thoracic disease. Yonsei Med. [120] Lorises have two pairs,[121] while others, like the ring-tailed lemur, have one pair on the chest (pectoral). Cheap paper writing service provides high-quality essays for affordable prices. Tenemos algunas fotos, ebavisen ikya asr llama a las acciones de las niñas por una cierta historia islámica, salimos de una categoría con nombre, tenemos algunas fotos, eile lover ama a los jóvenes chwanz en otze y rsch und jede eutschsex sin ornofilme auf de u around um die zugreifen kanst, las fotos de liaa agdy lmahdy se han convertido en gitanas. 6. In a postmortem study of 318 patients, 55% patients were found to have extrathoracic metastases, the commonest sites being the liver (32%), spleen (11%), thyroid (7%) and brain (3%) 16. [36] Today, the lemuriforms are confined in the tropics,[145] ranging between 28° S to 26° N latitude. One of these two European forms was identified as cercamoniines, which were allied with the notharctids found mostly in North America, while the other group falls into the traditional adapid classification. [115] Adapiforms exhibit the gap between the upper incisors, which indicates the presence of a VNO, but there is some disagreement over whether or not they possessed a rhinarium. [63], Because of their historically mixed assemblages which included tarsiers and close relatives of primates, both Prosimii and Strepsirrhini have been considered wastebasket taxa for "lower primates". 24 (1): 247-50. [25], Strepsirrhines are traditionally characterized by several symplesiomorphic (ancestral) traits not shared with the simians, particularly the rhinarium. Those who practice chiromancy are generally called palmists, hand readers, hand analysts, or chirologists.. Schedule 1: Quantity Limits in Columns 8 and 9. [13] Regardless of the infraordinal taxonomy, Strepsirrhini is composed of three ranked superfamilies and 14 families, seven of which are extinct. Iceback: Canadians: Another take on frozen Wetback. Radiographics. HIV has existed in the United States at least since the mid to late 1970s (CDC, 2019a; Avert, 2019a) . [142], Primates primarily feed on fruits (including seeds), leaves (including flowers), and animal prey (arthropods, small vertebrates, and eggs). We report that primary HIV-1 envelope proteins—when expressed by simian-human immunodeficiency viruses in rhesus macaques—elicited patterns of Env-antibody coevolution strikingly similar to those in humans. Pleural effusions are seen in the vast majority of patients at some stage during their disease 20. Wang ZJ, Reddy GP, Gotway MB et-al. (2017) Lung cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands). (2012) Chest. [81] It was not recognized as a primate until it was reevaluated in the early 1870s. Enewold L, Sharon E, Thomas A. [124] The clitoris may also have a bony structure in it, similar to the baculum (penis bone) in males. Although plesiadapiforms were closely related to primates, they may represent a paraphyletic group from which primates may or may not have directly evolved,[28] and some genera may have been more closely related to colugos,[c] which are thought to be more closely related to primates.[29]. WORDS.TXT - Free ebook download as Text File (.txt), PDF File (.pdf) or read book online for free. [47] In isolation, the lemurs diversified and filled the niches often filled by monkeys and apes today. Yet tarsiers still closely resemble both strepsirrhines and simians in different ways,[25] and since the early split between strepsirrhines, tarsiers and simians is ancient and hard to resolve,[66] a third taxonomic arrangement with three suborders is sometimes used: Prosimii, Tarsiiformes, and Anthropoidea. [80][91], Reproduction in most strepsirrhine species tends to be seasonal, particularly in lemurs. A sample of strepsirrhine diversity; eight biological genera are depicted (from top, left to right): Strepsirrhines and haplorhines diverged shortly after the emergence of the first true primates (euprimates). 1990;154 (3): 487-92. Many nocturnal species have large, independently movable ears,[94][95] although there are significant differences in sizes and shapes of the ear between species. Around the 1990s, two distinct groups of European "adapids" began to emerge, based on differences in the postcranial skeleton and the teeth. Lemuriform primates may have evolved from either cercamoniines or sivaladapids, both of which were adapiforms that may have originated in Asia. [51] In 1785, Dutch naturalist Pieter Boddaert divided the genus Lemur into two genera: Prosimia for the lemurs, colugos, and tarsiers and Tardigradus for the lorises. The use of the tarsier-galago classification continued for many years until 1898, when Dutch zoologist Ambrosius Hubrecht demonstrated two different types of placentation (formation of a placenta) in the two groups. [139] When lemuriform primates groom, they lick the fur and then comb it with their toothcomb. DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg's cancer, principles & practice of oncology. [118], Most primates have two mammary glands,[119] but the number and positions vary between species within strepsirrhines. 8. [57][58] Tarsiers are most often placed in either the suborder Haplorhini with the simians or in the suborder Prosimii with the strepsirrhines. [102] Lorisoids exhibit some sexual dimorphism,[101] but males are typically no more than 20 percent larger than females. Radiographics. [133][135] This social trait, seen in two extant lemur families (Indriidae and Lemuridae), is thought to have evolved independently. Often, the toothcomb is incorrectly used to characterize all strepsirrhines. Patterns of care and survival among patients with malignant mesothelioma in the United States. Expert Rev Respir Med. [31] New calibration methods may reconcile the discrepancies between the molecular clock and the fossil record, favoring more recent divergence dates. In the case of lemurs, natural selection has driven this isolated population of primates to diversify significantly and fill a rich variety of ecological niches, despite their smaller and less complex brains compared to simians. Unable to process the form. [132] Many are considered "solitary foragers", but many exhibit complex and diverse social organization, often overlapping home ranges, initiating social contact at night, and sharing sleeping sites during the day. Radiographics. Single modality treatment (surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy and even photodynamic therapy) have not been shown to improve survival 3. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: radiologic-pathologic correlation. 112: 102-108. They also have a smaller brain than comparably sized simians, large olfactory lobes for smell, a vomeronasal organ to detect pheromones, and a bicornuate uterus with an epitheliochorial placenta. Both living and extinct strepsirrhines are behaviorally diverse, although all are primarily arboreal (tree-dwelling). Frequent mentions of a "strepsirrhine toothcomb" or references to Strepsirrhini as being "toothcombed primates" can be found in the literature. In some cases, strepsirrhines may anoint themselves with urine (urine washing). 54 Likes, 13 Comments - Residents (@lapmrresidency) on Instagram: “Resident’s Corner: Name: David Huy Blumeyer, MD Year in residency: PGY-4 Where were you born…” Leung AN, Müller NL, Miller RR. [50] In Africa, the lorises and galagos diverged during the Eocene, approximately 40 mya. [126], Approximately three-quarters of all extant strepsirrhine species are nocturnal, sleeping in nests made from dead leaves or tree hollows during the day. With in-depth features, Expatica brings the international community closer together. ipsilateral mediastinal shift, pattern of spread initially to adjacent pleura, eventually grows toward lung encasement ("pleural rind'), involvement of chest wall, diaphragm, and mediastinal content typical, infiltration of the extra-pleural fat plane, obvious direct extension in bone or muscle, known to invade along prior catheter and biopsy tracks, pericardial effusion may suggest transpericardial extension, frequent metastasis to local lymph nodes and contralateral lung, seen in 20% - usually represents engulfment of calcified pleural plaques rather than true tumor calcification, sarcomatoid variants may contain calcific osteosarcoma or chondrosarcomatous components, differentiating between benign and malignant asbestos-related pleural thickening, avoid the temptation of performing an image-guided biopsy, as mesothelioma is notorious for aggressively seeding along the biopsy track. [50] Unlike the tarsiers and simians, strepsirrhines are capable of producing their own vitamin C and do not need it supplied in their diet. [101] Some adapiforms were sexually dimorphic, with males bearing a larger sagittal crest (a ridge of bone on the top of the skull to which jaw muscles attach) and canine teeth. [151], A suborder of primates which includes lemurs, galagos, pottos and lorises, For an explanation of very similar terms, see, Infraordinal classification and clade terminology. [103], Strepsirrhines have a long snout that ends in a moist and touch-sensitive rhinarium, similar to that of dogs and many other mammals. 13: 16-8. However, the spacing of the roots of their upper incisors suggests that they may have had a rhinarium, like the strepsirrhines. More recently multi-modality treatment has had some impact on favorable subgroups (early disease, and epithelioid histology). Coined by comedian Scott Thompson from the Kids in the Hall. [106] The young are precocial (relatively mature and mobile) at birth, but not as coordinated as ungulates (hoofed mammals). [92] Also, several extinct giant lemurs exhibited a fused mandibular symphysis.[93]. There are three histological types of mesothelioma: The cytological and histological diagnosis can be difficult, with mesothelial hyperplasia and metastatic adenocarcinoma appearing similar. [125] Most male primates have a baculum, but it is typically larger in strepsirrhines and usually forked at the tip. Both their place of origin and the group from which they emerged are uncertain. [97] This trait is also seen in adapiforms. Given the presence of the mesothelium in different parts of the body, mesothelioma can arise in various locations 17: Mesothelioma is an uncommon entity and accounts for 5-28% of all malignancies that involve the pleura 1,7. [106][107] The philtrum creates a gap (diastema) between the roots of the first two upper incisors. When applying section 2.4 or 2.5, the descriptive text written in lower case letters following a shipping name must be used in determining the shipping name that most precisely describes the dangerous goods. [7] In his description, he mentioned "Les narines terminales et sinueuses" ("Nostrils terminal and winding"). Naidich DP, Srichai MB, Krinsky GA. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance of the thorax. [96] The structure of the middle and inner ear of strepsirrhines differs between the lemurs and lorisoids. [137] Female dominance, which is rare in simians, is fairly common in lemurs. [5][6] The name was first used by French naturalist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1812 as a subordinal rank comparable to Platyrrhini (New World monkeys) and Catarrhini (Old World monkeys). Radiographics. Demirer E, Ghattas CF, Radwan MO et-al. (2014) Respiratory medicine case reports. sister: Haplorhini. Typically patients present with dyspnea and low back non-pleuritic chest pain. [13] Strepsirrhines diverged from the haplorhine primates near the beginning of the primate radiation between 55 and 90 mya. Strepsirrhini or Strepsirhini (/ˌstrɛpsəˈraɪni/ (listen); STREP-sə-RY-nee) is a suborder of primates that includes the lemuriform primates, which consist of the lemurs of Madagascar, galagos ("bushbabies") and pottos from Africa, and the lorises from India and southeast Asia.